The ISPMT function in Excel calculates the interest paid during a specific period of an investment or loan with even principal payments (not even total payments like with IPMT). In simple words:ISPMT gives you the interest portion for a given period assuming you pay back the principal evenly across the loan term.

The INTRATE function in Excel calculates the interest rate for a fully invested security between two dates. It is mainly used for short-term investments, such as Treasury bills, where the security does not pay periodic interest (zero-coupon bonds). In simple words: It finds the simple interest rate earned over a specific period.

The FV (Future Value) function in Excel is one of the most widely used financial functions. It helps you calculate the future value of an investment or loan based on periodic, constant payments and a fixed interest rate. The function is crucial for financial planning, helping to determine how much an investment will grow over time or how much you will owe in the future.

The EFFECT function in Excel calculates the effective annual interest rate (EAR) or annual equivalent rate (AER) based on the nominal interest rate and the number of compounding periods per year.

The DURATION function in Excel calculates the Macaulay duration of a bond, which is the weighted average time until a bond's cash flows are received. It represents the bond’s interest rate sensitivity or how much the bond price will change with changes in interest rates.

The DISC function in Excel calculates the discounted price of a security based on the discount rate and face value. It’s commonly used in finance to determine the discount amount for securities such as Treasury bills or bonds that are sold at a discount. The DISC function is based on the discount yield and is primarily used to compute the discounted price of a financial instrument before its maturity date.

The MID function in Excel is a powerful text function that lets you extract a specific number of characters from any position within a string—not just the beginning or end. It's incredibly useful when your data is embedded in the middle of a text value, such as codes, dates, or combined fields.

The LEFT function in Excel is a powerful text function that extracts a specific number of characters from the beginning (left side) of a text string. It’s widely used in data cleaning, formatting, and analysis.

The IFS function in Excel evaluates a series of conditions and returns a specific value for the first true condition. This makes the IFS function particularly helpful when applying multiple tests, streamlining the process compared to using traditional IF statements.