The FIXED function in Excel is used to round and format a number as text, with a fixed number of decimal places and optional commas for thousands separators. It’s often used in reporting or exporting financial or statistical data where you want consistent, readable formatting—but don’t want the result treated as a number.

The FIND function in Excel is used to locate the position of a substring (a piece of text) within another string. It returns the position number of the first character where the substring is found. The function is case-sensitive and does not allow wildcards, making it ideal for precise string matching.

The EXACT function in Excel is used to compare two text strings and determine whether they are exactly the same—including case sensitivity. Unlike the regular equality operator (=), which ignores case, EXACT will only return TRUE if both text strings match exactly in content and case.

The DOLLAR function in Excel is used to convert a number into a currency-formatted text string. It doesn't perform calculations, but instead formats numeric values with a currency symbol (based on your system settings), correct decimal places, and thousands separators—making numbers readable and presentation-ready.

The CONCAT function in Excel is used to combine (concatenate) text from multiple cells, ranges, or strings into one continuous value. It is a modern replacement for the older CONCATENATE function, offering improved flexibility—especially the ability to handle ranges.

The CODE function in Excel returns the numeric code for the first character in a text string. In most cases, this will be the ASCII code (on Windows systems) or Unicode code point (on some platforms) of that character. It is often used when analyzing, comparing, or transforming text data—especially in cases where characters must be interpreted programmatically.

The CLEAN function in Excel is designed to remove all non-printable characters from a text string. It is especially useful when working with data imported from external sources such as databases, web applications, or other software systems that might contain hidden characters, line breaks, or control codes that can interfere with formulas, display, or data processing.

The CHAR function in Excel is used to return a character based on the ASCII code (or Unicode code point). It allows users to convert numerical values into characters, which can be particularly useful when you need to work with symbols, special characters, or control characters in your data.

The BAHTTEXT function in Excel is a specialized function that was implemented to serve specific needs within Thailand’s financial and business practices. This function converts numbers into Thai language text, specifically for representing currency amounts in Baht (the official currency of Thailand). The need for this function arose from the practice of writing currency amounts in words for legal documents, checks, invoices, and contracts to prevent fraud and ensure clarity i

In Excel's dynamic formula environment, it’s often necessary to convert arrays into plain text—especially for documentation, exporting, or debugging. The ARRAYTOTEXT function provides a convenient way to do exactly that: it turns array values into a single text string, either in a readable or strict format.

Excel formulas often rely on logical values like TRUE and FALSE to make decisions. These values form the foundation for conditions, comparisons, filters, and complex calculations. While you may encounter TRUE frequently as a result of a comparison (=A1=100), Excel also includes a standalone TRUE function. This article explores what TRUE is, how and when to use it, and why it’s essential for building reliable, logic-driven spreadsheets.

In Excel, logic functions are the foundation of decision-making formulas. One of the most basic—but essential—logic functions is the FALSE function. Although it may seem simple, FALSE plays a powerful role in formulas, conditional logic, and automated workflows in Excel.

In some investment instruments, the entire interest payment is made at the maturity date, rather than in periodic coupon installments. These are often short-term notes or zero-coupon debt instruments with interest. Excel’s YIELDMAT function is designed to calculate the annual yield of such securities—helping investors accurately compare returns on different types of debt instruments.

In fixed-income investing, some securities—like Treasury bills (T-bills) and commercial paper—are sold at a discount and do not pay periodic interest. Instead, investors earn the difference between the purchase price and the face value at maturity. The YIELDDISC function in Excel calculates the annual yield on these discount (zero-coupon) securities, offering a straightforward way to evaluate their returns.

Understanding how much a bond truly earns over its lifetime is a fundamental part of fixed-income investing. The YIELD  function in Excel...

In finance, Net Present Value (NPV) helps determine the value of an investment by discounting future cash flows to their present value. However, standard NPV functions like NPV assume equally spaced cash flows, which isn't always realistic. Enter Excel’s XNPV function—designed to calculate the present value of cash flows that happen at irregular intervals, using actual calendar dates.

In real-world finance, investments and cash flows rarely happen on a fixed monthly or annual schedule. Payments and returns often occur at irregular intervals, making simple IRR calculations unreliable. This is where Excel’s XIRR function comes in—a powerful tool for computing the true annualized rate of return when cash flows do not occur at regular periods.

When managing assets in financial reporting, depreciation plays a critical role in recognizing the cost of using long-term assets over time. Excel offers multiple depreciation functions, and among them, the VDB function stands out for its flexibility and accuracy in handling partial periods and declining balance depreciation.

U.S. Treasury Bills (T-bills) are among the safest and most liquid short-term investments. Since they’re sold at a discount and mature at face value, investors don’t receive interest payments—they profit from the difference between the purchase price and redemption value. To understand the return on investment, Excel provides the TBILLYIELD function, which helps calculate the annualized yield of a T-bill based on its price.

When investing in Treasury Bills (T-bills), it's essential to understand how much to pay today for a future return. Since T-bills are zero-coupon securities sold at a discount, the price you pay is always less than their face value. Excel’s TBILLPRICE function helps investors and analysts quickly determine the current purchase price of a T-bill based on its discount rate and time to maturity.