ODDFYIELD stands for "Odd First Period Yield". It calculates the annual yield of a bond when the first period is shorter or longer than the standard schedule. In simple terms:If a bond doesn’t start on a "perfect" calendar (like paying every 6 months neatly), ODDFYIELD helps you figure out what your real return (yield) is. ✅ Regular bonds ➔ Use YIELD ✅ Bonds with odd first periods ➔ Use ODDFYIELD

ODDFPRICE stands for "Odd First Period Price". It calculates the price of a bond when the first period of the bond is shorter or longer than a regular period. In simple words: If a bond doesn’t start on a perfect schedule (like exactly every 6 months or 1 year), ODDFPRICE helps you figure out what it’s really worth today. ✅ Regular bonds ➔ Use PRICE ✅ Bonds with "weird" first periods ➔ Use ODDFPRICE Real-world bonds don't always fit neatly into textbook schedules!

NPV stands for Net Present Value. It is the single most powerful financial tool to measure the true value of future cash flows — brought back into today's money. NPV answers the question: "Is this investment, project, or business idea actually worth it?"

NPER stands for Number of Periods. The NPER function in Excel calculates how many payment periods are needed to pay off a loan or reach an investment goal, based on constant payments and a constant interest rate. In simple words: NPER tells you "how long will it take" to finish paying or saving.