When working with logical comparisons in Excel, most users are familiar with AND and OR. However, Excel also offers a lesser-known yet powerful logic function called XOR—short for "Exclusive OR". The XOR function evaluates two or more logical conditions and returns TRUE only when an odd number of the conditions are true. It's particularly useful for scenarios where you want to ensure that only one of several conditions is true, but not both (or not all).

Excel formulas often rely on logical values like TRUE and FALSE to make decisions. These values form the foundation for conditions, comparisons, filters, and complex calculations. While you may encounter TRUE frequently as a result of a comparison (=A1=100), Excel also includes a standalone TRUE function. This article explores what TRUE is, how and when to use it, and why it’s essential for building reliable, logic-driven spreadsheets.

When you're dealing with multiple conditions in Excel—especially when checking a single value against several options—nested IF statements can get messy. That’s where the SWITCH function shines. It provides a clean, readable, and efficient way to test one value against many possibilities. The SWITCH function compares a single expression against a list of values and returns a result corresponding to the first match. If there is no match, you can optionally define a default 

Logical functions are the foundation of decision-making in Excel. One of the simplest yet most powerful tools in this toolkit is the NOT function. It inverts logical values—turning TRUE into FALSE, and vice versa. Whether you're building complex IF statements, filtering data, or flagging exceptions, NOT can sharpen the logic of your formulas with precision.

When working with functions like VLOOKUP, XLOOKUP, or MATCH, Excel often returns a #N/A error if it can't find a match. These errors are expected in many workflows, but they can be confusing to users or disrupt downstream calculations. Enter: the IFNA function—purpose-built to handle #N/A errors only while allowing other types of errors to pass through untouched.

In Excel, logic functions are the foundation of decision-making formulas. One of the most basic—but essential—logic functions is the FALSE function. Although it may seem simple, FALSE plays a powerful role in formulas, conditional logic, and automated workflows in Excel.